Aktuális lapszám
Folia Historica XXXV.
Főszerkesztő:
Csorba László
Szerkesztő(k):
M. Lovas Krisztina, szerkesztőbizottság: Gerelyes Ibolya, Ihász István, Kiss Erika, Cs. Lengyel Beatrix, Pallos Lajos, Tamás Edit
Sorozat:
Folia Historica
Kiadó:
Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum
Kiadó székhelye:
1088 Budapest, Múzeum krt. 14-16.
Év:
2019
ISSN:
01336622
Terjedelem:
280
Kötés:
Puha
Lapozz bele
https://mnm.hu/sites/default/files/publications/foliahistorica_35.pdf
Tartalomjegyzék
Andrássy Klára, egy (a)tipikus arisztokrata
Abstract:
KLÁRA ANDRÁSSY, EINE (A)TYP ISCHE ARISTOKRATIN
Zusammenfassung
In dieser Studie wurde, auf die wichtigsten Zäsuren und Beeinflussungen konzentrierend, eine Analyse des Lebenswegs der Gräfin Klára Andrássy (1898-1941) durchgeführt. Der Name der jüngsten Schwester der „Roten Gräfin" Katinka Andrássy erscheint nur selten in der Fachliteratur, denn sie ist im Allgemeinen nur wegen ihres Gesinnungswandels interessant. Klára (oder Kaja) Andrassy politisierte in den späten 1920ern und in der ersten Hälfte der 1930er Jahre als eine engagierte Kämpferin des ungarischen Legitimismus, später näherte sie sich aber linksorientierten gesellschaftlichen und politischen Gruppen an. In meiner Studie suche ich Antworten auf die Fragen, ob es eine reale innere Umwandlung war, und welche Motivationen und Grunde im Hintergrund standen. Daneben funktioniert dieser Aufsatz als eine Fallstudie, deren Ziel ist, die Elemente der Gesinnung und die Möglichkeiten einer hochadligen Frau der sogenannten Horthy-Epoche zu präsentieren, die aus ihrer Erziehung, der gesellschaftlichen Sphäre und dem individuellen Lebensweg ebenso stammen konnten, als aus der Zeitgeist.
Andrássy Klára, egy (a)tipikus arisztokrata
5-49
A genfi magyar titkárság létrejötte és tevékenysége az 1920-as években
Abstract:
ESTABLISHMENT AND OPERATION OF THE HUNGARIAN SECRETARIAT IN GENEVAIN THE 1920S
Summary
The League of Nations was established in order to replace secret diplomacy and war as a means of conflict management, uniting all states and aiming to control international affairs.
Therefore, the Hungarian Foreign Office intended to establish a Hungarian representation alongside the organization as soon as possible. This was how the Geneva Secretariat emerged, under the auspices of the Hungarian Embassy in Bern in February 1921. Its task was to mediate between the League of Nations and the Hungarian government and other Hungarian organizations, to carry out initiatives and obtain and spread information on the League.
During the 1920s, the Secretariat became an important office due to the central role of the League of Nations and Geneva and the fact that the Secretariat’s leaders (Mihály Réz, Zoltán Baranyai and Pál Hevesy) were well versed in interpreting the League’s operation towards the leaders of the Hungarian foreign policy. Moreover, the staff of the office also ‘translated’ Hungarian foreign policy aims to the language and methods used by the League of Nations.
At the same time, the role of the Geneva Secretariat was fundamentally influenced by those Hungarian foreign policy issues, which could be brought before the League of Nations – minority issues, the financial reconstruction of Hungary, and the international loan related to it were amongst these. The Geneva Secretariat staff, also experienced in law, minority issues and diplomacy, successfully mediated between the League of Nations and the Hungarian government, and carried out significant informative activities and thus provided further assistance, as well.
A genfi magyar titkárság létrejötte és tevékenysége az 1920-as években
51-83
Front előtt, front alatt, front után. A második világháború eseményei Csolnokon 1944-45-ben
Abstract:
BEFORE THE FRONT, UNDER THE FRONT, AFTER THE FRONT WHAT HAPPENED IN CSOLNOK DURING WORLD WAR II
IN 1944-45?
Summary
The history of the second world war is a finite sequence of political and military actions, while the history of war days is an „infinite story”. Increasingly accessible sources and oral history make war days easier to recall in an almost countless variety. Our present study aims to recontruct events of World War II in Csolnok based on contemporary sources and interviews with eyewitnesses. The village of Csolnok lies in Komárom-Esztergom County, in the coal basin of Dorog, 44 kilometres from Budapest and 5 kilometres from Dorog. Military actions around Csolnok in 1944-45 were mostly determined by Soviet and German manoeuvres fought for Budapest. As a result, the front line stretched directly at the village for three months. We are primarily interested in how the settlement, mostly inhabited by a German minority, made it through the war and what kind of survival strategies they used throughout the tribulations
Front előtt, front alatt, front után. A második világháború eseményei Csolnokon 1944-45-ben
83-98
A „Fáklyás-ügy". Bauer Sándor önégetése
Abstract:
THE ‘TORCH’ CASE – SÁNDOR BAUER’S SELF-BURNING
Summary
The gardens of the National Museum became the place of a shocking even on 20th January 1969. It happened in the early afternoon that Sándor Bauer (aged 17), Budapest citizen, poured petrol all over himself and lit his soaked clothes on fire. This young man suffered from severe burns and passed away on the dawn of 23rd January 1969.
It is known from his farewell letter and form what he said while burning that his act was a planned, visually dramatic demonstration against the dictatorship in his country, in order to raise attention. The MSZMP (Hungarian Socialist Worker’s Party), however responded to the incident differently. They made effort to frame the boy as suicidal, who’s act was driven from a sudden trepidation.
The political police -apart from the political motivation- had another reason not to ignore the case: it was the second case of self-burning in the inclusion of the socialist block. 4 days prior to Bauer Sándor’s act, a man in Prague, Jan Palach died the same way, which served a formula and an example to the Hungarian man.
The boy’s shocking act came into the centre of attention a few years ago. Typically, shorter writings are published around the day of the anniversary. In 1969 he was considered to be a boy of serious psychological problems, but today he is seen as a hero.
This study is aimed at a systematic introduction of the reputation of what this boy did and the picture of his personality, in historical context.
It might be particular to this publication that besides a thorough research in the archives, I had met personally Bauer’s living relatives and friends. Based on State Security documents – the mother’s and witnesses’ statements –, also interviews with relatives and friends between 2009 and 2010, we can reconstruct what happened on 20th January 1969, and what happened on the next few days. Serving also as a description of an age, this study shows the mechanism of how state security bodies acted in the Kádár-Era, and the forced attempts of the ambition to substantiate the concept of counter-revolution which was created by the political police. At the beginning of the two-month investigation, the boy lying in hospital was accused of provocation. Three weeks later, the investigation continued in another direction: suspicion of preparatory act of conspiracy. Bauer was already dead. Since there was no evidence, the case was closed in the middle of March 1969.
In order to prevent a mass marching and protesting, the Ministry of the Interior organized a restricted and secret funeral.
Sándor Bauer’s act then became taboo for long years and did not bring any change, not even in that dictatorship, even though he wanted to have an impact on his society, but what he did seem to dissolve without a murmur.
Today what reminds us of him is a memorial tablet placed at the stairs of the main entrance at the National Museum. The documents of the case (alias ‘The torch case’) are kept at the Historical Archives of State Security Organizations, and have been available for research for 20 years. Results and conclusions are summarized in this study. enhancing the memory of this young man.
A „Fáklyás-ügy". Bauer Sándor önégetése
99-143
„Nemzeti ünnep a Rákos mezején" - a pesti polgári őrsereg 1844. augusztus 15-i zászlószentelési ceremóniájának emléklapja
Abstract:
NATIONAL FESTIVITY ON THE FIELD OF RÁKOS :
A COMMEMORATIVE BROADSHEET OF THE BANNER CONSECRATION CEREMONY OF THE CIVIL DEFENCE CORPS OF PEST ON 15 AUGUST 1844
Summary
The civil defence corps of the city of Pest was abolished after the Napoleonic Wars. Following the initiative of Vice-Mayor Lipót Rottenbiller the infantry regiment of the civil defence corps was re-established in 1844 on patriotic grounds, in order to increase the “decor and honour of the city”. The inauguration ceremony took place on the Field of Rákos on the eastern edge of the city on 15 August 1844 when the banner of the unit was consecrated and the members took the oath solemnly. Two months later an illustrated commemorative broadsheet was published by the lithographic publishing company of Ágost Walzel in Pest that depicts the scene of the festivity. A unique exemplar of the large size (42,5 × 62,5 cm) lithography is held by the Hungarian National Museum. The paper identifies the different participants of the ceremony represented on the on broadsheet on the base of contemporary accounts.
„Nemzeti ünnep a Rákos mezején" - a pesti polgári őrsereg 1844. augusztus 15-i zászlószentelési ceremóniájának emléklapja
145-158
Együd Árpád perőcsényi néprajzi gyűjtéséről
Abstract:
ABOUT ÁRPÁD EGYÜD’S ETHNOGRAPHIC COLLECTION
Summary
Árpád Együd, who died sadly early at the age of 62, had a unique career in Hungarian ethnography. He was one of the most prominent collectors and fieldworkers of Hungarian ethnography in the 20th century.
Árpád Együd was born in Perőcsény, in Hont county on 30 January 1921 and died on 17 August 1983.
This study summarizes Együd’s career and gives a detailed description of his Perőcsény collection.
Árpád Együd got far away from his birthplace, Perőcsény, at the age of twenty-five, but never forgot it. As an ethnographer, it was always his desire to gather and publish the folk culture and traditions of his home village. Among the digitised sound recordings in Együd’s legacy, there are 55 recordings from 11 informants in Perőcsény. These are short, usually 1-2-minute-long audio clips.
Együd was devoted to folklore, he was interested in folk songs, folk traditions, folkways and folk music, as it is apparent from the digitised Perőcsény material. One of the important and interesting features of the sound recordings is that they contain two compositions by his father, two popular songs which are canonised as folk songs by tradition in Perőcsény.
As the conclusion of the study, the author describes a folk tradition preserved only in Perőcsény, the making of the tebefa (tebe tree).
Együd Árpád perőcsényi néprajzi gyűjtéséről
159-169
Békebeli gazdagság és háborús ínség. Az 1916-os koronázás díszmagyar öltözeteirol
Abstract:
FRIEDENSREICHT UM UND KRIEGSNOT – DIE FESTLICHEN GEWÄNDER DER KRÖNUNG VON 1916
Zusammenfassung
Am 21. November des Jahres 1916 stirbt Franz Joseph I. Die Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie verliert seinen Kaiser, Ungarn verliert seinen König. Um in Zeiten des Großen Krieges das staatliche Gleichgewicht und das Sicherheitsgefühl der Bürger zu bewahren, gewannen die Vorbereitungen für die Krönungszeremonie von seinem Nachfolger, Karl, eine besondere Bedeutung und wurden enorm schnell getroffen. Die Krönung wurde am 30. Dezember in Buda gefeiert.
Die viel Organisation und Sorgfalt verlangenden Vorbereitungen der Zeremonie haben ganz Wien und Budapest angefeuert. Doch die Kriegssituation hatte nicht nur Schatten auf den Glanz der Feier geworfen, sondern in praktischer Hinsicht, verlangsamte sie den Ankauf bestimmter Stoffe und Produkte, oder machte es gar unmöglich. Diese Umstände erschwerten vor allem die Zusammenstellung der festlichen Gewänder. Die erhalten gebliebenen Gegenstände, die Fotografien und die in den Zeitungen publizierten Berichte und Kommentare liefern ein breit gefächertes Bild über die schwere Kriegssituation, aber auch über die Prachtliebe und manchmal auch Opferbereitschaft der Aristokratie, deren familiäre und nationale Traditionen.
Mit Vorliebe trugen die adeligen Gäste alte familiäre Kleidungs- und Schmuckstücke bei der Krönung. Ihr Verhalten war nicht nur von den Kriegsbedingungen und der Eile beeinflusst, auch ihr Repräsentationsbedürfnis hatte sich hier stark manifestiert. So ist die prachtvolle Kleidung der Königin Zita – ein Geschenk ihrer ungarischen Hofdamen – mit sorgfältiger Handarbeit vieler Näherinnen und Klöpplerinnen nach einem im beliebten Salon Girardi entworfenen, von dem traditionellen ungarischen Prachtgewand der Adeligen inspirierten wertvollen Musterstück angefertigt worden.
Die Presse feierte das frisch gekrönte Königspaar, die Schönheit der Königin, ihre Eleganz und die Pracht der feiernden Elite, alles in allem, die Großartigkeit der Krönungszeremonie. Es ist schwer zu entscheiden, wie und wann der Gedanke erst manifest wurde, die festlichen Gewänder öffentlich auszustellen, aber die teilnehmenden Gäste sind schon im Januar 1917 darum ersucht worden, ihre Kleidungs- und Schmuckstücke für Ausstellungszwecke in das Nationalmuseum einzuliefern. Die Ausstellungsexponate sind auf 250 Fotografien von Antal Weinwurm und seinem Sohn dokumentiert worden und dienen als unersetzliche Zeugen ihrer Zeit, denn die ausgestellten Objekte selbst sind größtenteils in den folgenden stürmischen Jahrzehnten zugrunde gegangen.
Wenn die Krönungszeremonie von Franz Joseph I. und Königin Elisabeth im Jahre 1867 den Höhepunkt des ungarischen Prachtgewandes darstellt, gilt die Krönung von 1916 als einer der letzten aufglänzenden Momente ihrer Geschichte. In der Zwischenkriegszeit dienten die traditionellen Prachtgewänder noch für Repräsentationszwecken, aber langsam sind sie unbrauchbar geworden. Ihre größten Feinde sind der Verfall und die Umarbeitung zur Weiterverwendung geworden. Die Teile, die glücklicherweise doch noch in staatliche Sammlungen gelangt sind, zeugen viel lebendiger von ihrer Zeit als alle Fotografien und Schwarz-Weiß-Aufnahmen.
Békebeli gazdagság és háborús ínség. Az 1916-os koronázás díszmagyar öltözeteirol
171-192
Képkockák. A fénykép és a mozgófilm IV. Károly koronázásán
Abstract:
FRAMES
PHOTOGRAPHS AND MOTION PICTURES AT THE CORONATION CEREMONY OF CHARLES IV
Summary
The coronation of Charles IV in 1916 was recorded on photographs, already widely used in the press for a long time, and also on film, which had just made its appearance in Hungary as a medium of reporting. Photographing and filming the ceremony, staged during wartime, took place observing the same strict rules and under the same conditions. Consequently, the visual documentation of the event provides an opportunity to compare the language and the prospects of the two media: newsreel and the unfolding genre of photo report. The pictures were made by the first generation of photo reporters working for important papers, while among the creators of the cca hour-long film were people who later became famous in the European and overseas film industry, such as Mihály Kertész (Michael Curtiz).
Képkockák. A fénykép és a mozgófilm IV. Károly koronázásán
193-215
„Történelmi festmény éloben" - IV. Károly 1916. évi koronázásának ábrázolásai
Abstract:
THE LAST HUNGARIAN CORONATION OF 1916 AS REPRESENTED IN FINE ARTS
Summary
By the time of the last Hungarian coronation, photography argely replaced the role of documentary representation from fine arts. Newspapers were illustrated with photos and more and more people were reached by film news. Nevertheless, a large number of artists were invited to capture the coronation and many of the most renowned artists of the age (from Rippl-Rónai, through Gyula Rudnay to Bertalan Pór) felt that the famous historical event was worth picturing. In my paper, I have collected various genres (sketches, newspaper illustrations, paintings) and techniques (drawing, engraving, pastel, oil) and I present them sorted by events and their purposes.
„Történelmi festmény éloben" - IV. Károly 1916. évi koronázásának ábrázolásai
217-230